Date of Birth: December 5, 1915
Place: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nationality: Canadian

B. Sc., 1938, McGill University
M. A., 1940, University of Western Ontario
–, 1941, University of Minnesota
D. Phil., 1947 and DSc, 1961, Oxford University

McGill University - Scholarship in Biology, first class honors in Zoology
British Council Scholarship, 1945-1947
Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship, 1953
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Fellow, 1963
Elected Fellow Royal Society of London, 1967

1981-2004 Professor Emeritus of Zoology and Professor Emeritus of Marine Science, The University of Texas

1968-1980 Professor of Zoology, The University of Texas; research on reflecting layers of fishes, screening and reflecting pigments in the eyes of shrimp and fishes, functioning of eyes of fishes.

1968 Professor of Zoology and Director of the Marine Institute, The University of Oregon.

1966-1968 Visiting Professor, The University of Texas

1967 Visiting Professor, Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington; research on the organization and disposition of crystals in fish skin.

1949-1967 Experimental Zoologist at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom; research into many aspects of the experimental biology of marine animals, including the sympathetic nervous system of fishes; functioning of giant axons of polychaetes; luminescence of marine animals; pigments of animals; photomechanical changes in the eyes of fishes; structure and function of elasmobranch eyes, especially their reflecting layers; photosensitivity of marine animals; neural regulation of luminescence of marine animals; organization and significance of guanine layers of silvery fishes; absorption of light by the retina of deep-sea fishes; structure of fish skin and fish eyes.

1961 Visiting Scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute; research on luminescence of marine copepods.

1953-1954 Visiting Scientist at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography and the Friday Harbor Laboratories; research on the luminescence of fishes and coelenterates.

1947-1949 Assistant Professor of Zoology, The University of British Columbia; instruction in embryology and histology, investigations of the nervous systems of polychaetes and chimaeroid fish.

Predoctoral work: embryology of fishes; learning in birds, brain centers; invertebrate nervous systems.

Several voyages on RRS Discovery II to investigate luminescence and eyes of deep-sea animals.

Investigations at the laboratories at Millport and Aberdeen, Scotland; on the physiology of fishes.

Professional bodies; British Society of Experimental Biology (Council); member of Marine Biological Association UK, New York Academy of Sciences; fellow of the Royal Society, London.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1938. On the nest of the Sora Rail (Porzana carolina Linn.). The Canadian Field Naturalist 52:55-57.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1945. The homing ability of the carrier pigeon: its value in warfare. The Auk 62:286-298.

Nicol, J.A.C. and J.Z. Young. 1946. Giant nerve fibres of Mysicola infundibulum (Grube). Nature 158:167-168.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1947. Giant nerve fibres in the central nervous system of polychaete worms. (D.Phil. Thesis).

Nicol, J.A.C., C.N. Smyth and D. Whitteridge. 1947. Conduction velocity in relation to axon diameter in Myxicola infundibulum. Abstracts, Seventeenth International Physiological Congress, Oxford, 17:243-244.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The giant nerve-fibres in the central nervous system of Myxicola (Polychaeta, Sabellidae). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 89:1-45.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. Giant axons of Eudistylia vancouveri (Kinberg). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 42(3) Section V:107-124.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The function of the giant axon of Myxicola infundibulum Montagu. Canadian Journal of Research D 26:212-222.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1948. The giant axons of annelids. The Quarterly Review of Biology 23:291-323.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1949. The weight-pal method for paraffin-embedded material. I. Bulk staining and staining of paraffin sections. Canadian Journal of Research D 27:1-3.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1949. The weight-pal method for paraffin-embedded materials. 2. Decalcification of material containing bone. Canadian Journal of Research D 27:4-6.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. Autonomic nervous system of the ratfish. Nature 165:854-855.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. Responses of Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu) to photic stimulation. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 29:303-320.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1950. The autonomic nervous system of the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 91(4):379-399.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1951. Giant axons and synergic contractions in Branchiomma vesiculosum. The Journal of Experimental Biology 28(1):22-31.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Autonomic nervous systems in lower chordates. Biological Reviews 27:1-49.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Studies on Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). I. The light-producing glands. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 30:417-431.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Studies on Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). II. Nervous control of light production. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 30:433-452.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952 Studies on Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier). III. Factors affecting the light response. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 31:113-144.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Colours of marine animals. The School Science Review 33:208-218.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Luminescent responses in Chaetopterus and the effects of eserine. Nature 169:665-666.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1952. Muscle activity and drug action in the body-wall of the sabellid worm Branchiomma vesiculosum (Montagu). Physiolgia Comparata et Oecologia II 2:339-345.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1953. Luminescence in polynoid worms. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 32:65-84.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1954. Fatigue of the luminescent response of Chaetopterus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33:177-186.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1954. The nervous control of luminescent responses in polynoid worms. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33:225-255.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1954. Effect of external milieu on luminescence in Chaetopterus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 33:173-175.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Conduction in the giant axon of Myxicola infundibulum. Physiologia Comparata et Oecologia 4:101-117.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Physiological control of luminescence in animals. In: The Luminescence of Biological Systems, F.H. Johnson (ed.). pp. 299-319. American Association Advancement Science.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Nervous regulation of luminescence in the sea pansy Renilla kollikeri. The Journal of Experimental Biology 32(4):619-635.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1955. Observations on luminescence in Renilla (Pennatulacea). The Journal of Experimental Biology 32:299-320.

Davenport, D. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1955. Luminescence in hydromedusae. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 144:399-411.

Davenport, D. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1956. Observations on luminescence in sea pens (Pennatulacea). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 144:480=496.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Luminescence in polynoids. II. Different modes of response in the elytra. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36:261-269.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Luminescence in polynoids. III. Propagation of excitation through the nerve cord. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36:271-273.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Spectral composition of the light of polynoid worms. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36:529-538.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Spectral composition of the light of Chaetopterus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 36:629-642.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1957. Observations on photophores and luminescence in the teleost Porichthys. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 98(2):179-188.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on luminescence in pelagic animals. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37:705-752.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Luminescence in polynoids. IV. Measurements of light intensity. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37:33-41.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on luminescence in Noctiluca. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37:535-549.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Observations on the luminescence of Pennatula phosphorea, with a note on the luminescence of Virgularia mirabilis. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37:551-563.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1958. Spectral composition of the light of Pholas dactylus L. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 37:43-47.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1959. Studies on luminescence. Attraction of animals to a weak light. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 38:477-479.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1959. Digestion in sea anemones. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 38:469-476.

Kennedy, G.Y.U. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1959. Pigments of Chaetopterus variopedatus (Polychaeta). Proceedings of the Royal Society B 150:509-538.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Spectral composition of the light of the lantern-fish, Myctophum ounctatum. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39:27-32.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Histology of the light organs of Pholas dactylus (Lamellibranchia). The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39:109-114.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. The regulation of light emission in animals. Biological Reviews 35:1-42.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. Studies on stomiatoid luminescence. On the subocular light-organs of fishes. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 39:529-548.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. Luminescence in marine organisms. The Smithsonian Report for 1960, pp. 447-456. (Reprinted from "The Times" Science Review, summer 1960, London).

Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. The tapetum in Scyliorhinus canicula. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 41:271-277.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. Photomechanical changes in the eyes of fishes. I. Retinomotor changes in Solea solea. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 41:695-698.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1961. The mysterious and weird phenomenon of 'exploding' and 'rotating' phosphorescence of the sea - an affect of submarine earthquakes? by Kurt Kalle. Extracted from Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift 13(2), 1960. A Review written for The Marine Observer 31(193):148-149.

Clarke, G.L., R.J. Conover, C.N. David, and Nicol, J.A.C. 1962. Comparative studies of luminescence in copepods and other pelagic marine animals. Contribution No. 1285 from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 42:541-564.

Denton, E.J. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1962. Why fishes have silvery sides; and a method of measuring reflectivity. Journal of Physiology 165:13-15.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1962. Bioluminescence. Proceedings of the Royal Society A 265:355-359.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1962. Animal luminescence. Advances Comparative Physiol. Biochem. (Edited by O. Lowenstein) 1:217-273.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1963. Some aspects of photoreception and vision in fishes. Advances in the Marine Biology 1:171-208.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1963. Luminescence in animals. Endeavour 22(85):37-41.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Luminous creatures of the sea. Sea Frontiers 10(3):143-154.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Bioluminescenza. Galileo 24, Enciclop. Sci. Tecn. P. 188-195.

Denton, E.J. and J.A.C. Nicol. . 1964. The chorioidal tapeta of some cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes). The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 44:219-258.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Special effectors: luminous organs, chromatophores, pigments, and poison glands. Physiology of Mollusca 1:353-381.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Reflectivity of the choriodal tapeta of selachians. The Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 21(5):1089-1100.

Denton, E.J. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1964. On the orientation of reflecting crystals in the surfaces of fishes.. Journal of Physiology 172:53-54.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1964. Retinomotor changes in flatfishes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22(2):513-520.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Migration of choriodal tapetal pigment in the spur dog Squalus acanthias. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:405-427.

Denton, E.J. and Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Studies on reflexion of light from silvery surfaces of fishes, with special reference to the bleak, Alburnus alburnus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:683-703.

Denton, E.J. and Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Polarization of light reflected from the silvery exterior of the black, Alburnus alburnus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:705-709.

Denton, E.J. and Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Reflexion of light by external surfaces of the herring, Clupea harengus. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:711-738.

Denton, E.J. and Nicol, J.A.C. 1965. Direct measurements on the orientation of the reflecting surfaces in the tapetum of Squalus acanthias, and some observations on the tapetum if Acipenser sturio. The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45:739-742.

Denton, E.J. and Nicol, J.A.C. and E.J. Denton. 1966. A survey of reflectivity in silvery teleosts. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 46:685-722.

Best, A.C.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1967. Reflecting cells of the elasmobranch tapetum lucidum. Contributions in Marine Science 12:172-201.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1967. The luminescence of fishes. Symposium Zoological Society of London 19:27-55.

Nicol, J.A.C. and C. Van Baalen. 1968. Studies on the reflecting layers of fishes. Contributions in Marine Science, The University of Texas 13:65-88.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1969. The tapetum lucidum of the sturgeon. Contributions in Marine Science, The University of Texas 14:5-18.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1969. Bioluminescence. In: Fish Physiology. W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall (eds.). Vol. 999, p. 355. Academic Press.

Arnott, H.J. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1970. Reflection of ratfish skin (Hydrolagus colliei). Canadian Journal of Zoology 48:137-151.

Arnott, H.J., and N.J. Maciolek and J.A.C. Nicol. . 1970. Retinal tapetum lucidum: a novel reflecting system in the eye of teleosts. Science 169:478-480.

Arnott, H.J., A.C.G. Best and J.A.C. Nicol. 1970. Occurrence of melanosomes and of crystal sacs within the same cell in the tapetum lucidum of the stingaree. Journal of Cell Biology 46:426-427.

Arnott, H.J., C.W. Querfeld, and J.A.C. Nicol. 1971. Reflecting spheres in the eyes of weakfishes (Sciaenidae). Nature 223:130-133.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1971. Physiological investigations of oceanic animals. In: Deep Oceans. P.J. Herring and M.J. Clarke (eds.), p. 225. Arthur Barker, London.

Zyznar, E.S. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1971. Ocular reflecting pigments of some Malacostraca. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 6:235-248.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1971. Nervous System (Inverbetrate). In: McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology N:58-62.

Arnott, H.J., J.A.C. Nicol, and C.W. Querfeld. 1972. Tapeta lucida in the eyes of the seatrout (Sciaenidae). Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 180:247-271.

Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott, G.R. Mizuno, E.C. Ellison and J.R. Chipault. 1972. Occurrence of glyceryl tridocosahexaenoate in the eye of the sand trout Cynoscion arenarius. Lipids 7:171-177.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1972. Riboflavin in the eyes of gars (Lepisosteidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 50:1211-1214.

Nicol, J.A.C., H.J. Arnott, and A.C.G. Best. 1973. Tapeta lucida in bony fishes (Actinopterygii): a survey. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51:69-81.

Nicol, J.A.C. and E.S. Zyznar. 1973. The tapetum lucidum in the eye of the big-eye Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier. Journal of Fish Biology 5:519-522.

Fineran, B.A. and J.A.C. Nicol,. 1974. Studies on the eyes of New Zealand parrot fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 186:217-247.

Arnott, H.J., A.C.G. Best, S. Ito and J.A.C. Nicol. 1974. Studies on the eyes of catfishes with special reference to the tapetum lucidum. Proceedings Royal Society London B 186:13-36.

Ito, S. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1974. Isolation of oligomers of 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid from the eye of the catfish. Biochemical Journal 143:207-217.

Wang, R.T., and J.A.C. Nicol. 1974. The tapetum lucidum of gars (Lepisosteidae) and its role as a reflector. Canadian Journal of Zoology 52(12):1523-1530.

Nicol, J.A.C. and H.J. Arnott. 1974. Tapeta lucida in the eyes of goatsuckers (Caprimulgidae). Proceedings Royal Society London B 187:349-352.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1974. Studies on the eyes of fishes: structure and ultrastructure. In: Vision in Fishes. M.A. Ali (ed.). pp. 579-608. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.

Nicol, J.A.C., E.S. Zyznar, E.L. Thurston and R.T. Wang. 1975. The tapetum lucidum in the eyes of cusk-eels (Ophidiidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 53:1063-1079.

Ito, S. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1975. Identification of decarboxylated 5-adenozyl-methionine in the tapetum lucidum of the catfish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 190:33-43.

Ito, S., E.L. Thurston, and J.A.C. Nicol. 1975. Melanoi tapeta lucida in teleost fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 191:369-385.

Fineran, B.A. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1976. Novel cones in the retina of the anchovy (Anchoa). Journal of Ultrastructure Research 54:296-303.

Ito, S. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1976. Isolation of S-adenoztl-3-thiopropylamine from the eye of the sea catfish (Arius felis). Biochemical Journal 153:567-570.

Nicol, J.A.C., W.H. Donahue, M.F. Welsh and W.Y. Lee. 1977. Toxicity of water soluble fractions of petroleum oils on larvae of crabs. In: Pollutant Effects on Marine Organisms. E.S. Giam (ed.). pp. 77-94. D.C. Heath & Co., MA.

Fineran, B.A. and Nicol, J.A.C.. 1977. Studies on the eyes of Anchovies Anchoa mitchilli and A. hepsetus (Engraulidae) with particular reference of the pigment epithelium. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 276:321-350.

Ito, S. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1977. A new amino acid, 3-(2, 5-s,s-dicysteinyl-3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl) alanine, from the tapetum lucidum of the gar (Lepisosteidae) and its enzymic synthesis. Biochemical Journal 161:499-507.

Lee, W.Y. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1977. The effects of the water soluble fractions of No. 2 fuel oil on the survival and behaviour of coastal and oceanic zooplankton. Environmental Pollution 12:279-292.

Lee, W.Y., M.F. Welch, and J.A.C. Nicol. 1977. Survival of two species of amphipods in aqueous extracts of petroleum oils. Marine Pollution Bulletin 8:92-94.

Winters, K., C. Van Baalen and J.A.C. Nicol. 1977. Water soluble extractions from petroleum oils: Chemical characterization and effects on microalgae and marine animals. In: Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. A.D. McIntyre and K. Whittle (eds.). Rapport 17:166-174.

Nicol, J.A.C., W.H. Donhue, R.T. Wang and K. Winters. 1977. Chemical composition and effects of water extracts of petroleum on eggs of the sand dollar Melitta quinquiesperforata. Marine Biology 40:309-316.

Donahue, W.H., R.T. Wang, M. Welch and J.A.C. Nicol. 1977. Effects of water-soluble components of petroleum oils and aromatic hydrocarbons on barnacle larvae. Environmental Pollution 13:187-202.

Best, A.C.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. Notes on the retina and tapetum lucidum of Howella (Teleostii: Cheilodipteridae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 58:735-738.

Nicol, J.A.C., E.S. Zyznar and F.B. Cross. 1978. Uric acid in the tapetum lucidum of mooneyes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 201:1.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1978. Bioluminescence and vision. In: Bioluminescence in Action. P.J. Herring (ed.). p. 367-398. Academic Press.

Nicol, J.A.C. and B.A. Fineran. 1978. Studies on the photoreceptors of Anchoa mitchilli and A. hepsetus with particular reference to the cones. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 283:25.

Maddock, R.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. Studies on the eyes of Hydrolagus (Pisces: Chimaeridae). Contributions in Marine Science 21:77-87.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1978. Studies on the eye of the stingaree Dasyatis sabina with notes on other Selachians. I. Eye dimensions, cornea, pupil and lens. Contributions in Marine Science 21:89-102.

Lee, W.Y., K. Winters and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. The biological effects of the water-soluble fractions of a No. 2 fuel oil on the planktonic shrimp Lucifer faxon. Environmental Pollution 15:167-183.

Lee, W.Y. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. The effect of nephthalene on survival and activity of the amphipod Parhyale. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 20:233-240.

Wang, R.T. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. Effects of fuel oil on sea catfish: feeding activity and cardiac response. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18:170-176.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1978. Abstract in symposium on visual strategies in marine forms. Optical Society of America, 1977, Annual Meeting Program, p. 1387.

Lee, W.Y. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1978. Individual and combined toxicity of some petroleum aromatics to the marine amphipod Elasmopus pectenicrus. Marine Biology 48:215-222.

Best, A.C.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1979. On the eye of the goldeye Hiodon alosoides (Teleostei: Hiodontidae). Journal of Zoology 188:309-332.

Lee, W.Y. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1980. Toxicity of a fuel oil to the eggs of Parhyale hawaiensis and Amphithoe valida (Amphipoda). Marine Environmental Research 3:297-305.

Best, A.C.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1980. Eyeshine in fishes. A review of ocular reflectors. Canadian Journal of Zoology 6:945-956.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1980. Guanine in strata argentea of fish eyes. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:488-491.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1980. Uric acid in the stratum argenteum of toadfishes Opsanus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:492-296.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1980. Studies on the eyes of toadfishes Ospanus. Structure and reflectivity of the stratum argenteum. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:114-121.

Wang, R.T., J.A.C. Nicol, E.L. Thurston and M. McCants. 1980. Studies on the eyes of bigeyes (Teleostei: Priacanthidae) with special reference to the tapetum lucidum. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 210:499-512.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1981. Corneal injuries in the Atlantic stingray Dasyatis sabina (Lesueur). Contributions in Marine Science The University of Texas 24:1-8.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1981. Tapeta lucida of vertebrates. In: Vertebrate Photoreceptor Optics. J.M. Enoch and F.L. Tobey, Jr. (eds.). pp. 401-431. Springer Verlag.

Lee, W.Y., S.A. Macko, and J.A.C. Nicol. 1981. Changes in nesting behavior and lipid content of a marine amphipod (Amphithoe valida) to the toxicity of a No. 2 fuel oil. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 15:185-195.

Nicol, J.A.C. and W.Y. Lee. 1981. Toxicity of biosludge to marine invertebrates. In: U.S. NOAA Western Gulf of Mexico Dumping Site Assessment Report. Pp. 317-328. Boulder, Colorado. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Marine Pollution Assessment. Dumpsite Evaluation Report 81-2).

Wang, R.T., J.A.C. Nicol and H.J. Arnott. 1981. Diffuse reflectance of retinal tapeta lucida, with special reference to drums (Sciaenidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 59:271-284.

Nicol, J.A.C. and H.-Y. Yan. 1982. The eye of the grass shrimp Penaeus monodon: a reappraisal of the penaeid eye. Bulletin. Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 21:27-50.

Best, A.C.G. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1984. Red pigment epithelium of fish eyes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 64:909-917.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1960. The Biology of Marine Animals. Book, 1^st Edition. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., London.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1967. The Biology of Marine Animals. Book, 2^nd Edition. Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd., London pp. 699.

Nicol, J.A.C. 1989. The Eyes of Fishes xx 308 p. Clarendon Press.

Lee, W.Y. and J.A.C. Nicol. 1981. Toxicity of biosludge and pharmaceutical wastes to marine invertebrates. In: Ocean-Dumping of Industrial Waste. B.H. Ketchum, D.R. Kester and P.K. Park (eds.). pp. 439-454. Proceedings 1^st International Symposium, New York: Plenum Press (Marine Science Vol. 12).